Symbols & Numbers | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Index: L

la function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options

lambda statement (Python): 42.3.2. Functions

lambda statements (Python), as function arguments: 42.3.2. Functions

last access time for files: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

deleting files by: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files

last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $: 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $

last modification time for files: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size

8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size

(see also timestamps)

last operator (Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

lastcomm command: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?

piping output or redirecting to a file: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?

LATEX: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On

Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP): 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports

Layer 4 protocols: 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports

46.1.2. Layer 4 Protocols: TCP, UDP, and ICMP

lc operator: 41.5.1. Scalars

LDAP server for system passwords: 47.3. Securing Samba

leave function: 4.11. Right-Side Prompts

length command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

lensort script: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length

less command

highlighting matched patterns: 13.16. A Highlighting grep

zless, for compressed files: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space

less program: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together

12.3. "less" is More

12.3. "less" is More

-N option, numbering lines with: 12.13. Numbering Lines

-s option for squashing extra blank lines: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines

PAGER environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

piping ls command output to: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R

piping to: 43.4. Problems Piping to a Pager

less than (<) operator: 36.21.1. Syntax

41.5.1. Scalars

less than or equal to (<=) operator: 41.5.1. Scalars

lesskey program: 12.3. "less" is More

letter-sized pages: 45.7. Formatting Plain Text: enscript

letters, ASCII class for: 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes

lexical analyzer (lex): 16.8. Looking for Closure

lf function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options

29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options

/lib directory: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories

libraries

Perl modules, using in scripts: 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy

shell functions: 35.30. Using Shell Functions in Shell Scripts

licenses

Citrix: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser

Microsoft, in a WTS environment: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser

lightweight varieties of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix

limit and ulimit system calls: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit

line #: ;; unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.

line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl: 13.10. Compound Searches

line command: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

line commands in vi: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands

line editors (see batch editing)

line function: 35.18. read: Reading from the Keyboard

line numbers

resetting: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops

in sed addresses: 34.5. sed Addressing Basics

line termination characters (see newlines)

line termination in Python: 42.3.1. Indentation

linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell

lines

addressing for batch editing: 20.3. Line Addressing

comparing for uniqueness: 21.20. What Is (or Isn't) Unique?

counting with wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

deleting duplicate, Perl script, using: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length

deleting duplicates: 22.6.1. Dealing with Repeated Lines

deleting in Emacs: 19.1. Emacs: The Other Editor

joining with join command: 21.19. Joining Lines with join

macro for wrapping in vi editor: 18.13. vi Macro for Splitting Long Lines

numbering in file printout: 12.13. Numbering Lines

sorting by length: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length

LINES and COLUMNS environment variables: 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size

resizing/resetting for windows: 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize

lines of text retained by scrollbar: 5.12. How Many Lines to Save?

Lingua::EN::NameParse Perl module: 22.8. Sorting a List of People by Last Name

link count: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links

linking files: 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files

10.3. Files with Two or More Names

creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links

directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories

directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory

filenames for symbolic links, showing: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links

hard links: 10.4. More About Links

hard links vs. symbolic links: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links

reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names

symbolic links: 10.4. More About Links

stale: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links

linkname, ln command and: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links

links

-links operator (find command): 9.5. Searching for Old Files

copying: 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r

disk space and: 15.4. Save Space with a Link

to .exrc files: 17.5. Local Settings for vi

to filenames: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names

36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program

to files, inodes and: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes

hard links, finding to files: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File

optimizing disk space with: 15.4. Save Space with a Link

to programs: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names

36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program

tar -l command, printing messages about hard links: 15.7. Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree

unlinking in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

Linux: 1.1. What's Special About Unix?

1.3. The Core of Unix

adding users to system: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User

automount daemons and devfsd for removable media: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems

backups to a local device: 38.5. How to Make Backups to a Local Device

compression, advantages/disadvantages of: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?

deciding what to back up: 38.5.1. What to Back Up

floppies or zip disks: 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks

tape: 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape

utilities for: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?

bash shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells

color names, displaying with GNU ls command: 8.6. Color ls

Debian Linux

apt-get tool: 40.6. Installing Software with Debian's Apt-Get

dselect tool for accessing dpkg installation package: 40.5. Using Debian's dselect

kernel boot output for devices: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output

single-user mode: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password

devices on PCIbus, showing: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output

disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning

displaying latest entries from kernel ring buffer: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail

enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT

groups, changing primary with newgrp: 49.6. Groups and Group Ownership

HOWTO for kernel configuration: 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration

HOWTO for serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles

HZ constant for system time updates: 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time

ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting

info command: 2.9. The info Command

installing software with RPM: 40.11. Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software

IP masquerading: 46.11. Gateways and NAT

ipconfig and route files (2.4 kernels): 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting

listing all processes running on: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons

loadkeys command: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters

6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap

system-level changes to key mappings: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap

mounting SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba

netstart, displaying routing information with: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting

nvi-1.79 editor, locking files before editing: 36.27. Shell Lockfile

OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH

port, testing for: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port

/proc filesystem: 48.9. The Linux proc Filesystem

Python, inclusion of: 42.2. Installation and Distutils

Red Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes: 25.2.2. A Little Help, etc.

Red Hat Linux

adduser (or useradd) utility: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User

/contrib directory, sshd.pam file: 51.5. General and Authentication Problems

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories

installing chroot with anonftp-* (RPM): 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server

performance issues, shell as interpreter: 36.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One

/proc filesystem (in Version 6.2): 24.9. The /proc Filesystem

single user mode, accessing: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password

route command: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting

security, web site information on: 48.3. Keeping Up with Security Alerts

signal 15 (termination): 23.3. Using jobs Effectively

sound card configuration: 44.13. Dealing with Sound Cards and Other Annoying Hardware

TCP wrappers: 48.12. TCP Wrappers

USB devices on: 44.12. USB Configuration

virtual consoles: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL

23.12. Linux Virtual Consoles

switching between: 5.1. There's a Lot to Know About Terminals

tty-type, scrolling, and copy and paste operations: 23.12.2. Scrolling, Using a Mouse

virtual machine running Windows: 47.8.1. VMWare

LISP programming language

Emacs customization: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List

lists: 41.5.2. Arrays

references to: 41.5.4. References

ln command: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links

-s option: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links

s option: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links

lndir program: 10.7. Linking Directories

load averages, system: 26.4. Checking System Load: uptime

load option (xrdb): 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb

loadkeys command: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap

local command: 29.11.3. Setting Current Shell Environment: The work Function

local crontab entries: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries

local dictionary files: 16.1. The Unix spell Command

local programs: 10.7. Linking Directories

LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh): 29.12. Shell Function Specifics

locate command: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases

database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database

shell wildcards, matching: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database

updating database for: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases

lockfiles, creating: 36.27. Shell Lockfile

locking files (RCS): 39.5. RCS Basics

log command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

log-file-monitoring programs

tail -f: 12.10. How to Look at Files as They Grow

log files

CVS: 39.7. CVS Basics

CVS, examining for conflicting changes: 39.8. More CVS

disk space and: 15.3. Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes

global alias for in zsh: 29.6. zsh Aliases

monitoring with tail -f: 12.11. GNU tail File Following

smb.conf, settings for: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba

LOGDIR environment variable: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

logging in: 24.2. fork and exec

changing login sequence: 3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals

logging out

background processes in Bourne shells, avoiding termination of: 23.4. Some Gotchas with Job Control

by killing user's login shell: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill

logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons: 5.17. The xterm Menus

logical expressions, evaluating: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command

logical operators: 36.21.1. Syntax

login command: 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable

.login file: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

3.4.1. Login Shells

interactive C shells and: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?

SHLVL variable, resetting: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL

TERM environment variable, testing: 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM

terminal type, setting with qterm: 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm

login shells: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In

3.4. Login Shells, Interactive Shells

3.19. Making a "Login" Shell

bash: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

C shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

command search table, resetting for scripts: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program

killing: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill

Korn shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

setup files: 3.4.1. Login Shells

setup files, contents of: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?

SHELL environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

xterm or rxvt, running on: 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts

zsh shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

login(l) command, system-wide setup: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

logins

disabling: 49.13. Disable logins

external root login access: 49.10. Never Log In as root

interactive

starting remote X clients from: 6.10.1. Starting Remote X Clients from Interactive Logins

procedure for terminals (non-network): 24.2. fork and exec

remote

stopping sessions: 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions

root: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts

shells disallowing: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In

terminal hangs during: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In

loginsh variable (tcsh shell): 3.4.1. Login Shells

loginshell variable, setting: 3.4.1. Login Shells

LOGNAME environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

logout command (C shell): 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable

.logout file

reading when last top-level shell exits: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?

running commands when logging out: 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out

.logout file (C shell): 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells: 4.18. Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout

logouts

accidental, from Bourne shells: 4.19. Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts

bash shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why

long listing (-l option): 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

long listing, ls -l command: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

look command: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"

16.3. How Do I Spell That Word?

df options: 16.3. How Do I Spell That Word?

lookfor shell script: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?

loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts

loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell

alias definition: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops

basename and dirname used with: 36.13.2. Use with Loops

controlling with break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue

35.23. Loop Control: break and continue

endless: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window

exit status of: 36.14. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands

for loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with: 28.9.2. A for Loop

foreach loops, repeating commands with variations: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop

if-then-else, putting in C shell aliases: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias

iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays

parameters for: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop

in Perl scripts: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

flow-control operators: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

redirected input/output, line numbers reset in: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops

running command and testing exit status: 35.15. Loops That Test Exit Status

in shell functions: 29.11.2. Functions with Loops: Internet Lookup

loosely typed language: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types

lp command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands

LPDEST environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

lpc commands: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc

exit: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc

help: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc

restart: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc

status: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands

lpd daemon: 45.8. Printing Over a Network

filter scripts: 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler

running files through filter: 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix

LPDEST environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

lpq command: 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script

lpr command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands

for loop, using with: 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters

PRINTER environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

printing 10 file copies, shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }

lprm command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands

lpstat command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands

lr alias: 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files

ls command: 1.9. Internal and External Commands

-- color option: 8.6. Color ls

-A option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a

filenames beginning with . (dot): 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories

-b option

listing filenames with nonASCII characters: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name

printing octal values of nonprinting characters: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames

-c option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

-C option (output in columns): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R

-d option (listing directories): 8.5. The ls -d Option

-F (tcsh built-in): 8.6. Color ls

8.6.2. Configuring It

-i option: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes

-il option: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find

-l option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes

character count for files: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

checking startup files for ownership: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In

file permissions and: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases

file permissions, listing: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World

50.11. Juggling Permissions

listing files by last modification time: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size

-lai option: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links

-lg option: 50.11. Juggling Permissions

-q option

converting nonprinting characters to ?: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames

nonASCII characters: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name

-Q (quoting) option: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name

-R option (listing subdirectories): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R

-s option: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size

-t option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

-u option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

aa option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a

aliases for: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

-C option: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

-F option with: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

-la (for ls -a or -A): 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

ll (for ls -l): 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

lr: 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files

color, displaying names in: 8.6. Color ls

-G option: 8.6.4. Another color ls

filenames and: 1.13. Wildcards

find command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

GNU: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features

piping output to wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

shell functions with options: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options

System V Unix, nonprinting characters and: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames

ls flag (for login shell): 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts

-ls operator (find command): 9.13. Searching for Files by Type

LS_COLORS environment variable: 8.6.2. Configuring It

35.5. Predefined Environment Variables

setting with dircolors command: 8.6.2. Configuring It

lt operator (Perl): 41.5.1. Scalars

LyX editor: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On

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